Bochum

Bochum
Bochum
Coordinates
Administration
Country Germany
State North Rhine-Westphalia
Admin. region Arnsberg
District Urban district
Mayor Ottilie Scholz (SPD)
Basic statistics
Area 145.4 km2 (56.1 sq mi)
Population 374,737 (31 December 2010)[1]
 - Density 2,577 /km2 (6,675 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate BO
Postal codes 44701-44894
Area codes 0234, 02327
Website www.bochum.de

Bochum (German pronunciation: [ˈboːxʊm]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany. It is located in the Ruhr area and is surrounded by the cities of Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten and Hattingen.

Contents

History

Bochum dates from the 9th century, when Charlemagne set up a royal court at the junction of two important trade routes. It was first officially mentioned in 1041 as Cofbuokheim in a document of the archbishops of Cologne. Originally, it may have meant "Brookhome" or "Bacheim" and later seems to have gained the notorious reputation of "Bookhorn" or "Horn Book". In 1321, Count Engelbert II von der Marck granted Bochum a town charter, but the town remained insignificant until the 19th century, when the coal mining and steel industries emerged in the Ruhr area, leading to the growth of the entire region. The population of Bochum increased from about 4,500 in 1850 to 100,000 in 1904. Bochum acquired city status, incorporating neighbouring towns and villages. Additional population gains came from immigration, primarily from Poland.

After the war, the new state of North Rhine-Westphalia was established, consisting of the Rhineland and Westphalia. Bochum is located in that state.

In the postwar period, Bochum began developing as a cultural centre of the Ruhr area. Between 1960 and 1980, the coal mines all closed. Other industries, such as automotive, compensated for the loss of jobs. The Opel Astra is assembled at the Opel Bochum plant; however, by 2009, the factory was in serious financial difficulties.[2] In 1965, the Ruhr University was opened, the first university in the Ruhr area and the first to be founded in Germany since World War II. Since the seventies, Bochum's industry has moved from heavy industry to the service sector.

In the course of a comprehensive community reform in 1975, Wattenscheid, a formerly independent city, was integrated into the city of Bochum. A local referendum against the integration failed. In 2007, the new synagogue of the Jewish community of Bochum, Herne und Hattingen was opened. In 2008, Nokia closed down its production plant, causing the loss of thousands of jobs, both at the plant and at local suppliers. 20,000 people showed up to protest against the closing.[3][4] Within months, the Canadian high-tech company, Research in Motion, announced plans to open a research facility, its first outside Canada, adding several hundred jobs.[5][6][7]

The Nazi era and World War II

On November 9, 1938, Kristallnacht, the Jewish citizens of Bochum were attacked. The synagogue was set on fire and there was rioting against Jewish citizens. The first Jews from Bochum were deported to Nazi concentration camps and many Jewish institutions and homes were destroyed. Some 500 Jewish citizens are known by name to have been killed in the Holocaust, including 19 who were younger than 16 years old. Joseph Klirsfeld was Bochum's rabbi at this time. He and his wife fled to Palestine. In December 1938, the Jewish elementary school teacher Else Hirsch began organizing groups of children and adolescents to be sent to the Netherlands and England, sending ten groups in all. Many Jewish children and those from other persecuted groups were taken in by Dutch families and thereby saved from abduction or deportation and death.[8]

Because the Ruhr region was an area of high residential density and a centre for the manufacture of weapons, it was a major target in the war. Women with young children, school children and the homeless fled or were evacuated to safer areas, leaving cities largely deserted to the arms industry, coal mines and steel plants and those unable to leave.

Bochum was first bombed heavily in May and June 1943.[9] On May 13, 1943, the city hall was hit, destroying the top floor, and leaving the next two floors in flames. On November 4, 1944, in an attack involving 700 British bombers, the steel plant, Bochumer Verein, was hit. One of the largest steel plants in Germany,[10] more than 10,000 high-explosive and 130,000 incendiary bombs were stored there, setting off a conflagration that destroyed the surrounding neighbourhoods.[11][12] An aerial photo shows the devastation.[13]

The town centre of Bochum was a strategic target during the Oil Campaign. In 150 air raids on Bochum, over 1,300 bombs were dropped on Bochum and Gelsenkirchen. By the end of the war, 38% of Bochum had been decimated. 70,000 citizens were homeless and at least 4,095 dead.[12][14] Of Bochum's more than 90,000 homes, only 25,000 remained for the 170,000 citizens who survived the war, many by fleeing to other areas. Most of the remaining buildings were damaged, many with only one usable room. Only 1,000 houses in Bochum remained undamaged after the war. Only two of 122 schools remained unscathed; others were totally destroyed. Hunger was rampant. A resident of neighbouring Essen was quoted on April 23, 1945 as saying, "Today, I used up my last potato... it will be a difficult time till the new [autumn] potatoes are ready to be picked – if they're not stolen."[15][16]

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Bochum in April 1945. Encountering desultory resistance, the US 79th Infantry Division captured the city on 10 April 1945.[17]

After the war, Bochum was occupied by the British, who established two camps to house people displaced by the war. The majority of them were former Polish Zwangsarbeiter, forced labourers, many of them from the Bochumer Verein.[18]

More than sixty years after the war, bombs continue to be found in the region, usually by construction workers. One found in October 2008 in Bochum town centre led to the evacuation of 400 and involved hundreds of emergency workers.[19] A month earlier, a buried bomb exploded in neighbouring Hattingen, injuring 17 people.[20]

Places of interest

Architecture

Religious architecture

Parks and Gardens

Bochum has a municipal zoo, a large municipal park and a number of other gardens and parks. The Ruhr University Botanical Gardens has thousands of plants from all over the world.[32] Among others there is a tropical garden, a cactus garden, and a Chinese garden designed in the southern Chinese style, the only one of its kind in Germany.

The Geological Garden was the first of its kind in Germany. The nearly 4-acre (16,000 m2) park is the site of an old coal mine, the Zeche Friederika, which operated from 1750 to 1907. In 1962, the property came under environmental protection and a decade later was turned into a geological garden.[33]

Other scenic areas include the West Park, Lake Kemnade, Lake Ümmingen and the municipal forest, Weitmarer Holz.[34]

Society and Culture

Leisure and Entertainment

Bochum is a cultural centre of the Ruhr region. There is a municipal theatre, the Schauspielhaus Bochum, and about 20 smaller theatres and stages. The musical Starlight Express, which opened in 1988, is the longest-running musical in Germany.[35]

Annual Events

Rubissimo, Ruhr University's summer festival
Kemnade International
Extraschicht - Night of Industrial Heritage (many locations oll over the Ruhr area)

Museums

Art Galleries

Art in public spaces

Sports

Economy

Transport

Roads

Bochum is connected to the Autobahn network by the A 40, A 43 and A 44 autobahns. In addition, Bochum has a ring road, built to expressway standards, consisting of four segments; the Donezk, Oviedo, Nordhausen and Sheffield-Ring roads. It serves as a three-quarter loop around central Bochum and begins and ends at Autobahn A40. Ruhr University Bochum is also served by an expressway running from the Nordhausen-Ring to Autobahn A43. Until 2012, a new interchange (Dreieck Bochum-West) between the Donezk-Ring and Autobahn A40 is being constructed within tight parameters due to the existence of a nearby factory.

Apart from the autobahns and expressways, there is also a small ring road around the center of Bochum, where most roads radiating out of Bochum begin. Most main roads in Bochum are multi-lane roads with traffic lights. Bochum is also served by the Bundesstraße 51 and Bundesstraße 226. B51 runs to Herne and Hattingen, and B226 runs to Gelsenkirchen and Witten.

Railways

Bochum has a central station situated on the line from Duisburg to Dortmund, connecting the city to the long-distance network of Deutsche Bahn as well as to the S-Bahn network of Rhine-Ruhr.

Bus, Tram, Underground

Local service is supplied by BOGESTRA, a joint venture handling transportation between the cities of Bochum and Gelsenkirchen. There is a single underground Stadtbahn line connecting the University of Bochum to Herne, and several lines, partially underground, connecting to Gelsenkirchen and Witten. Public transport in the city is priced according to the fare system of the VRR transport association.

Air

Bochum is served by Düsseldorf International Airport.

Education

Higher education

Elementary and secondary schools

There are 61 primary schools, 9 Hauptschulen ("general schools") and 14 special schools.

In addition, there are 11 preparatory (British: grammar) schools ("Gymnasien"), 5 comprehensive schools ("Gesamtschulen"), 8 Realschulen and 2 private Waldorf schools.

"Gymnasien" – preparatory schools (British: grammar school):

"Gesamtschulen" – comprehensive schools:

Realschulen – high schools:

Waldorf schools:

Twin towns (sister cities)

Bochum's twin towns are:

Notable residents

See also

References

  1. ^ "Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. 31 December 2010. http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/amtlichebevoelkerungszahlen/index.html. 
  2. ^ Nelson D. Schwartz. "Europe Feels the Strain of Protecting Workers and Plants" New York Times May 25, 2009. Accessed March 1, 2010
  3. ^ "Nokia to close Bochum, Germany plant" boston.com, January 15, 2008. Accessed March. 1, 2010
  4. ^ "Anger at Nokia swells in Germany; top politicians join fray over plant closure" Helsingin Sanomat International Edition. January 21, 2008. Accessed March 1, 2010
  5. ^ Press release Germany Trade & Invest, April 23, 2008. Accessed March 1, 2010
  6. ^ a b "Blackberry maker RIM to set up R&D site in Bochum, add 300 jobs - report" Forbes Magazine, April 14, 2008. Accessed March 1, 2010
  7. ^ "Blackberry Bold 9700 launch" Government of Canada official website. November 17, 2009. Accessed March 1, 2010
  8. ^ Karin Finkbohner, Betti Helbing, Carola Horn, Anita Krämer, Astrid Schmidt-Ritter, Kathy Vowe. Wider das Vergessen — Widerstand und Verfolgung Bochumer Frauen und Zwangsarbeiterinnen 1933–1945 pp. 62-63. Europäischer Universitätsverlag, ISBN 9783932329623 (German)
  9. ^ "The Final Operation – Bochum" 57 Squadron. Accessed March 8, 2010
  10. ^ "Geschichte: Gottesfurcht Vaterland" Christuskirche Bochum. Retrieved January 23, 2011 (German)
  11. ^ Chronology Official web site, Bochumer Verein. Accessed March 7, 2010
  12. ^ a b 70 000 Obdachlose in Bochums Zentrum History of Bochum, World War II. "70,000 homeless in downtown Bochum" (November 4, 1944) Accessed March 7, 2010 (German)
  13. ^ Aerial photo of Bochum, showing bombed steel plant Austrian War Memorial. Accessed March 7, 2010
  14. ^ "Zahl der Kriegs- und NS-Opfer nicht mehr feststellbar" History of Bochum, World War II. (July 1, 1945) "Number of war and Nazi victims no longer ascertainable" Accessed March 8, 2010 (German)
  15. ^ "Menschen kehren zurück in zerstörte Städte" History of Bochum, World War II. "People return to destroyed cities" (May 5, 1945) Accessed March 8, 2010 (German)
  16. ^ [1] History of Bochum, World War II. "Main offensive on Bochum." Accessed March 7, 2010 (German)
  17. ^ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 148.
  18. ^ Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel. Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, Band 3 (Site of Terror: The History of Nazi Concentration Camps, Volume 3) p. 395 (2006) ISBN 9783406529634 (German)
  19. ^ "10-Zentner Bombe gefunden" History of Bochum, World War II. "1000 pound bomb found." Accessed March 8, 2010 (German)
  20. ^ "WWII bomb injures 17 at Hattingen construction site" The Local, German news in English. September 19, 2008. Accessed March 8, 2010
  21. ^ City Hall "Historischer Rundgang Bochum - Rathaus". Accessed March 4, 2010 (German)
  22. ^ Altes Brauhaus Rietkötter Official website. Accessed March 4, 2010
  23. ^ Union Filmtheater Bochum Official website. Accessed March 4, 2010 (German)
  24. ^ "Mutter Wittig" "Historischer Rundgang Bochum - Mutter Wittig". Accessed March 4, 2010 (German)
  25. ^ Ruhr Tourism website "Jahrhunderthalle". Accessed March 4, 2010
  26. ^ Jahrhunderthalle Bochum Official website. Accessed March 4, 2010 (German)
  27. ^ Eugene C. McCreary. "Social Welfare and Business: The Krupp Welfare Program, 1860-1914". The Business History Review, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Spring, 1968), pp. 24-49
  28. ^ Bergarbeitersiedlung Dahlhauser Heide Ruhr Guide to Dahlhauser Heide. Accessed March 4, 2010 (German)
  29. ^ "Burg Blankenstein" www.ruhr-guide.de - DAS Online-Magazin für das Ruhrgebiet. Accessed March 2, 2010. (German)
  30. ^ Wasserburg Haus Kemnade Official website. Accessed March 4, 2010 (German)
  31. ^ "Station 12: Christuskirche" Stadt Bochum (City of Bochum), official website. Retrieved April 2, 2011 (German)
  32. ^ Ruhr University Botanical Gardens Alphabetical list of plants, with photos. Accessed March 8, 2010.
  33. ^ Bochum Geological Garden City of Bochum website. Accessed March 8, 2010 (German)
  34. ^ Schöne Plätze und erholsame Orte City of Bochum website. (Beautiful and relaxing spots.) Accessed March 8, 2010 (German)
  35. ^ Article about number of visitors Starlight Express website. Accessed March 8, 2010 (German)
  36. ^ List of stolperstein locations in Bochum, with photos German genealogy wiki website. Retrieved May 1, 2010 (German)

External links